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AGRONOMIC EVALUATION OF PHOSPHATE SOURCES FOR SOYABEAN PRODUCTION IN THE NIGERIAN SAVANNA ALFISOL
ABSTRACT
In the Northern Guinea Savanna, phosphorus deficiency has been identified as the most important single element limiting the growth of soyabean. Furthermore, soyabean producers are constrained by the high cost of commercial Single Super-phosphate fertilizers hence the need to identify alternative, cheaper and effective sources of phosphorus that will be within the reach of poor resource farmers. A field trial conducted for two cropping seasons (1994-1995) on two different sites at the Institute for Agriculture Research Farm, Samaru to evaluate the effect of four sources of phosphorus, viz: single superphosphate, partially acidulated phosphate rock (50%), Sokoto phosphate rock and Togo phosphate rock on the performance of soyabean. The phosphorus rates were 0, 30, 60, 120 kg P205 ha”1. Soyabean cultivar Samsoy 2 was used as test crop. All treatments were replicated three times in a randomised complete block design. Soyabean grain yield and yield components responded significantly (P = 0.01) to P fertilizer application. The number and weight of nodules, number of flowers per plant, shoot dry weight were increased, but reduced root weight with increasing rates. The increased nodulation resulted in increased number of pods and seeds per plant, weight of seeds per plant, 1,000 seed weight and threshing percentage of the crop. The eventual effect was a highly significant grain yield increase, thus indicating a balance requirement of soyabean for P nutrition. Single Superphosphate was superior to all other sources of phosphorus tested in the trial although the performance of PAPR-50 was also as good as this commercial fertilizer. Grain yields obtained at 120 kg P205 ha- 1 application rates of Sokoto phosphate and Togo phosphate rocks were quite appreciable. On the over all performance of the various fertilizers based on their means, SSP > PAPR-50 > SPR > TPR > control. Statistically significant responses were obtained up to 120 kg P205 ha-1. The only fertilizer material that reached its optimum rate of application was the most soluble P fertilizer (SSP) at the rate of 60 – 120 kg P205 ha”• The application of these P sources raised the soil solution P level high enough to benefit the crop. This is shown by increased Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in leaves. The total phosphorus concentration in the leaves were significantly increased (P<0.01) in 1995, with SSP having the highest value (4.47 g kg”1) at 120 kg P205 application rate. Data obained from chemical analyses of the soil receiving the P treatments and cropped, revealed that the available soil P, ECEC and base saturation were significantly increased (P<0.05); indicating that the application of P significantly maintained the soil P and CEC at optimum level. The experimental soils had initial low extractable Bray-1 P, low clay content and extractable bases. A positive and significant relationship (r=0.281*) was found between grain yield and Bray-1 P extractable from the soils at harvest suggesting that plant P uptake and growth could be limited by amounts of soluble P in the soil. The influence of the P nutrition on plant performance, grain yield and the chemical composition of the soil cropped to soyabean; and particular responses to Sokoto phosphate rock shows that for direct application, the indigenous SPR could be as efficient as the other imported phosphates for soyabean production in this region. These results confirm previous works which show that although widespread phosphorus deficiences occur, moderate amounts of phosphate fertilizers are required to obtain high yields
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